Brain diseases encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the brain's structure and function, leading to significant impacts on cognitive, emotional, and physical well-being. Common brain diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and brain tumours.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioural changes. It is the most common cause of dementia in older adults. Parkinson's disease involves the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons, leading to tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Strokes occur when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, causing brain cells to die. This can result in sudden loss of function, depending on the affected brain area. Immediate medical intervention is critical to minimise long-term damage. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the protective sheath covering nerve fibres, causing communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body. Brain tumours, whether benign or malignant, can disrupt normal brain function and require prompt medical treatment.