Children's diseases encompass a wide range of conditions that can affect young individuals, from infancy through adolescence. Common illnesses include infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu, chickenpox, and respiratory infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. Childhood ailments also include chronic conditions such as asthma, diabetes, and allergies. Additionally, congenital disorders and developmental issues like autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) play a significant role in paediatric health.

Infectious diseases in children are often caused by viruses or bacteria and spread easily due to close contact in schools and daycare centres. For chronic conditions, early diagnosis and management are essential to improving long-term health outcomes and quality of life. Asthma, for instance, requires careful monitoring and adherence to treatment plans to prevent severe episodes.