Orthopaedic diseases encompass a variety of conditions that affect the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Common orthopaedic diseases and disorders include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fractures, and spinal disorders.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease where the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones wears down, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of the joints, resulting in pain, swelling, and potential joint deformity.

Osteoporosis is characterised by weakened bones that are more prone to fractures, commonly affecting the hip, spine, and wrist. It is often associated with ageing and hormonal changes, particularly in postmenopausal women. Fractures, or broken bones, can occur from trauma or falls and may require surgical intervention to heal properly.

Spinal disorders, such as herniated discs, scoliosis, and spinal stenosis, can cause significant pain and impact mobility. These conditions may result from degenerative changes, congenital abnormalities, or injury.